The holder of a bill of lading hardly ever has the chance and right to see the referred charterparties' terms and conditions. On the one hand, binding the holder of the bill of lading to the terms and conditions which he is not aware of seems unjust and therefore the incorporated clauses might be deemed invalid. On the other hand, dependency of the validity of the contract to the parties' awareness of their rights and obligation endangers commercial certainty. While in some legal systems such as United States of America and France, a general reference is capable of incorporating all of the charterparties' terms and conditions into bill of lading, according to English law an specific reference is required to incorporate ancillary clauses such as jurisdiction clause. Studying sources of Iran's law it could be concluded that the Iranian courts' probable solution should be very similar to the English law's approach.

Introduction: Health insurance Supervision and control has important role in achieving the health insurance and health system mission and goals, but it has not received much attention. This study aimed to review the researches related to health insurance Supervision and control, and categorize the used topics and related data sources. Methods: The study was conducted using systematic mapping method. A total of 316 research papers (published until the end of 2018) were investigated in related databases. Atlas. ti8 software and keywording technique were used for analysis and data extraction. Results: Seven health insurance Supervision (health insurance program/policy monitoring, cost control, coverage and financial protection, equity in health, health insurance data and claims assessment, and people/insured and health service supplier and control topics) as well as nine data sources were identified. Conclusion: Health insurance program/policy monitoring and cost control topics had the most research number, and people/insured and health service supplier topics were the least related researches.

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to introduce the process of risk assessment of insurance companies in a risk-based Supervision system and the way to monitor it. Methodogogy: We used the KNF (2018) risk assessment framework for insurance and reinsurance companies. This comprehensive framework uses all available information held by the supervisory authority about the (re)insurance company, including information obtained as a result of actions related to the licensing, off-site analyses and control actions during on-site inspections carried out in the (re)insurance company as well as inquiries/questionnaires sent to the (re)insurance companys. Findings: The supervisory assessment focuses on significant risks and areas of operation of (re)insurance companies. Implementing this new approach requires complying the International Association of insurance Supervisors’ (IAIS) principles, preparing risk management and actuarial reports, rating and ranking insurance companies, analyzing complaint data and separating life and non-life insurance accounts. Conclusions: An action plan is necessary to achieve effective Supervision and risk-based Supervision in the insurance industry:-The compliance of the insurance regulations with the IAIS core principles-The separation of life and non life insurance accounts-Developing actuarial standards of practice-Obliging insurance companies to prepare their Own Risk & Solvency Assessments (ORSA) empowerment to comply with the requirements of the Corporate Governance (Risk Management) regulations in accordance with IAIS principles-Use of international and general standards and supervisory and regulatory standards of enterprise risk management-preparation the report of internal controls by insurance companies.

insurance is a kind of service and like all goods and services, it has a market, However, due to its special features, the insurance market includes three pillars: buyer, seller, and regulator. In fact, regulation and Supervision are two simultaneous concepts, in order to identify the cases in which the market fails, , Is used to control the deficiencies caused by the mentioned cases . Therefore, the present article seeks to answer the question of the importance of regulating the insurance market by the government with a descriptive-analytical method. What tools and methods are used to regulate insurance in Iran? And have they been able to lead to proper and efficient regulation and supervising of the market? However, each government, depending on its conditions and facilities, uses methods and tools to regulate and monitor the insurance market, In the Iranian insurance industry, the method of command and control and subsequent tools are used, which is considered to be one of the most basic and oldest methods and tools And developed countries that have leading insurance markets no longer find this method useful and do not use it And due to the privatization and liberalization of the insurance market in recent years, it seems that the applied methods and tools lack the necessary efficiency. And it is necessary to make changes in this field by changing the laws and regulations.

Objective(s): Health insurance literacy (HIL) is the knowledge, ability, and confidence of people to find and evaluate information about insurance plans, choose the best plan and how to use it. This study was conducted to examine the level of HIL among the insured person of the Iran Health insurance Organization in Tehran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 with the participation of 309 insured person. The data were collected using a 27-item questionnaire that included three dimensions of access, insurance terms, and performance skills. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed. Data analysis was performed in SPSS.24 using T-test and One-way ANOVA. Results: The mean score for access was 8.5±1.91, insurance terms 10.21±2.46 and performance skill was 22.94±3.23. The overall mean HIL score was 41.64±6.22. The HIL status of 60% of the insured person was intermediate and 40% was low. The mean score of HIL was higher among people living in the northern region, those covered by the special diseases fund, those with a monthly less income, and those without supplementary insurance. The HIL level was also higher among people whose source of insurance information was friends and acquaintances (P<0.05). Conclusion: The majority of people had relatively low levels of HIL. Knowing the level of HIL and the factors that influence it can guide policy makers in developing educational interventions to remove barriers and improve HIL. Educational interventions through public media such as television, short videos on the websites and applications of insurance organizations and social media, and the provision of insurance information on waiting room monitors in medical centers are suggested to improve HIL.

One of the highly important topics that has captured the attention of economists over the past decades is the role and significance of the financial system in the economic growth of countries. Financial markets control a considerable volume of a country’s financial capital. The insurance industry is a crucial component of financial markets, and today, its importance and substantial role in economic growth and overall societal welfare are evident. insurance, as an industry within the financial sector, plays a compensatory and supportive role in the economy of any country. Additionally, insurance is one of the most essential institutions in the financial market, providing not only confidence and security but also facilitating the expansion of productive activities through the establishment of reserves. Therefore, stability and efficiency in the insurance industry are essential for a country’s economy as a financial market

Introduction: Health insurance, as one of the pillars of the health system and responsible for financially protecting individuals in society against the risk of diseases, also requires an effective monitoring system. This research aims to examine the issues of Supervision in health insurance and provide steps to achieve a monitoring and evaluation framework towards Intelligence Supervision. Methods: In this study, data were collected from qualitative interviews with health insurance experts and the analysis of secondary data. The proposed PAVA model in health insurance was designed and evaluated based on key indicators extracted from previous studies. Experts were selected using the snowball method until data saturation was reached, resulting in a total of 24 interviews. During the interviews, notes were taken, and the interviews were recorded and analyzed using Atlas. ti8 software. Based on the steps of PAVA and business intelligence, the steps to create the PAVA framework in health insurance were presented. Results: The health insurance organization has various systems such as medical records, the Omid system, Didban system, eligibility assessment, business partner systems, and electronic prescription. Monitoring is conducted both in-person and remotely. Data analysis from the interviews revealed that monitoring in health insurance faces several challenges. These challenges include the need for data collection, aggregation, and cleansing, the need for data analysis, and the need for an integrated and interactive monitoring system. Specifically, issues such as the lack of comprehensive electronic data, the need for better access to data, and the need for more precise data analysis to identify fraud and misuse were identified. Conclusion: The results of this study can be used by senior managers of health insurance organizations, managers and experts in the Supervision departments, IT managers and experts, organizational knowledge managers, and knowledge workers of the organization, as well as the National Health insurance Research Center. These findings help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the Supervision system, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the health insurance organization